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drawn by a locomotive

  • 1 draw

    draw [drɔ:]
    tirer1 (a)-(c), 1 (f), 1 (h), 1 (k), 2 (b), 2 (e) conduire1 (d) attirer1 (e) gagner1 (i) dessiner1 (j) établir1 (k) tirer au hasard2 (c) dessiner2 (d) être ex aequo2 (g) faire match nul2 (g) loterie3 (c) attraction3 (d) match nul3 (e)
    (pt drew [dru:], pp drawn [drɔ:n])
    (a) (pull) tirer;
    to draw the curtains (open) tirer ou ouvrir les rideaux; (shut) tirer ou fermer les rideaux;
    he drew the blankets round him il a tiré les couvertures autour de lui;
    I drew my coat closer around me je me suis enveloppé dans mon manteau;
    he drew his hand wearily across his forehead il se passa la main sur le front avec lassitude;
    she drew his hand towards her elle approcha sa main de la sienne;
    to draw a bow (in archery) tirer à l'arc
    (b) (haul, pull behind → car) tirer, traîner, remorquer; (→ trailer) remorquer;
    a carriage drawn by two horses un équipage attelé à ou tiré par deux chevaux;
    drawn by a locomotive remorqué par une locomotive
    (c) (take out) tirer, retirer; (remove) retirer, enlever; (tooth) arracher, extraire;
    he drew his knife from or out of his pocket il a tiré son couteau de sa poche;
    the thief drew a gun on us le voleur a sorti un pistolet et l'a braqué sur nous;
    to draw a sword dégainer une épée
    (d) (lead) conduire, entraîner;
    she drew me towards the door elle m'a entraîné vers la porte;
    figurative I was drawn into the controversy j'ai été mêlé à ou entraîné dans la dispute;
    the senator refused to be drawn (refused to answer) le sénateur refusa de répondre; (refused to be provoked) le sénateur refusa de réagir;
    to draw a meeting to a close mettre fin à une réunion
    (e) (attract, elicit) attirer;
    to be drawn to sb être attiré par qn;
    his remarks drew a lot of criticism ses observations lui ont attiré de nombreuses critiques;
    to draw sb's attention to sth faire remarquer qch à qn;
    figurative to draw the enemy's fire attirer le feu de l'ennemi sur soi;
    to draw blood (of weapon) faire couler le sang; (of dog) mordre jusqu'au sang; (of cat) griffer jusqu'au sang; figurative (of remark, criticism) avoir un effet dévastateur;
    to draw a crowd (of incident) créer un attroupement; (of play) attirer le public
    (f) (take from source) tirer, puiser;
    to draw water from a well puiser de l'eau dans un puits;
    to draw wine (from a barrel) tirer du vin (d'un tonneau);
    to draw (out) money from the bank retirer de l'argent à la banque;
    the university draws its students from all social backgrounds l'université recrute ses étudiants dans toutes les couches sociales;
    her performance drew an ovation from the audience son interprétation lui a valu l'ovation du public;
    our members are drawn from all walks of life nos membres appartiennent à tous les milieux;
    his confession drew tears from his mother son aveu a arraché des larmes à sa mère;
    I draw comfort from the fact that he didn't suffer je me console en me disant qu'il n'a pas souffert;
    Cézanne drew inspiration from the French countryside Cézanne s'est inspiré de ou a tiré inspiration de la campagne française;
    Cards to draw trumps faire tomber les atouts
    we barely had time to draw (a) breath nous avons à peine eu le temps de souffler
    he drew the winning number il a tiré le numéro gagnant;
    to draw lots tirer au sort
    (i) (earn → amount, salary) gagner, toucher; (→ pension) toucher; Finance (→ interest) rapporter
    (j) (sketch) dessiner; (line, triangle) tracer; (map) faire;
    to draw a picture of sb faire le portrait de qn;
    he drew us a map of the village il nous a fait un plan du village;
    humorous do you want me to draw you a map? tu veux que je te fasse un dessin?;
    figurative she drew a vivid picture of village life elle (nous) a fait une description vivante de la vie de village;
    figurative the author has drawn his characters well l'auteur a bien dépeint ses personnages;
    to draw the line at sth ne pas admettre qch, se refuser à qch;
    you have to draw the line somewhere il faut fixer des limites, il y a des limites;
    he doesn't know where to draw the line il ne sait pas où s'arrêter;
    I draw the line at lying je refuse de mentir; (referring to other people) je ne tolère pas le mensonge
    (k) (formulate → comparison, parallel, distinction) établir, faire; (→ conclusion) tirer;
    she drew a direct comparison between our situation and her own elle a établi une comparaison explicite entre notre situation et la sienne
    to draw a cheque on one's account tirer un chèque sur son compte
    the game was drawn Sport ils ont fait match nul; Cards ils ont fait partie nulle
    (o) Hunting (game) débusquer; (covert) battre
    (p) Medicine (abscess) crever, percer
    the ocean liner draws 8 metres le paquebot a un tirant d'eau de 8 mètres
    (r) Technology (metal) étirer; (wire) tréfiler
    the crowd drew to one side la foule s'est rangée sur le côté ou s'est écartée;
    the bus drew into the coach station l'autocar est arrivé ou entré dans la gare routière;
    to draw ahead of sb prendre de l'avance sur qn;
    one cyclist drew ahead of the others un cycliste s'est détaché du peloton;
    to draw to a halt s'arrêter;
    they drew level with or alongside the window ils sont arrivés à la hauteur de la fenêtre;
    to draw near (elections, Christmas) approcher;
    to draw near (to sb) (person) se rapprocher (de qn), s'approcher (de qn);
    they drew nearer to us ils se sont approchés un peu plus de nous;
    night draws near la nuit approche;
    to draw to an end or to a close tirer ou toucher à sa fin
    the policeman drew and fired le policier a dégainé ou sorti son pistolet et a tiré
    (c) (choose at random) tirer au hasard;
    they drew for partners ils ont tiré au sort leurs partenaires
    (d) (sketch) dessiner;
    she draws well elle dessine bien
    (e) (fireplace, pipe) tirer; (pump, vacuum cleaner) aspirer
    (f) (tea) infuser
    (g) Sport (be equal → two competitors) être ex aequo (inv); (→ two teams) faire match nul;
    Italy drew against Spain l'Italie et l'Espagne ont fait match nul;
    they drew two all ils ont fait deux partout;
    the two contestants drew for third prize les deux concurrents ont remporté le troisième prix ex aequo ou sont arrivés troisièmes ex aequo
    3 noun
    to be quick on the draw dégainer vite, avoir la détente rapide; figurative avoir de la repartie;
    to beat sb to the draw dégainer plus vite que qn; figurative devancer qn
    (b) (card) carte f tirée;
    it's your draw c'est à vous de tirer une carte
    (c) (raffle, lottery) loterie f, tombola f; (selection of winners, competitors) tirage m (au sort);
    the draw will take place tonight le tirage aura lieu ce soir
    (d) (attraction) attraction f;
    the polar bears are the main draw at the zoo les ours polaires sont la grande attraction du zoo;
    the show proved to be a big draw le spectacle s'est révélé être un grand succès
    (e) Sport match m nul; Cards partie f nulle;
    the chess tournament ended in a draw le tournoi d'échecs s'est terminé par une partie nulle;
    two wins and three draws deux matches gagnés et trois matches nuls
    (f) American (gully) ravine f; (drain) rigole f
    ►► draw curtains doubles rideaux mpl
    (cart, caravan) tirer, traîner; (person) entraîner
    se séparer;
    they drew apart when I entered the room ils se sont éloignés ou écartés l'un de l'autre quand je suis entré dans la pièce
    prendre à l'écart
    s'écarter, se ranger;
    I drew aside to let them pass je me suis écarté (du chemin) ou je me suis rangé pour les laisser passer
    (person) prendre ou tirer à l'écart; (thing) écarter
    (a) (move away → person) s'éloigner, s'écarter; (→ vehicle) s'éloigner, démarrer;
    she drew away from the crowd elle s'est éloignée ou écartée de la foule
    (b) (move ahead) prendre de l'avance;
    the leading runner drew away from the others le coureur de tête a pris de l'avance sur les ou s'est détaché des autres
    (a) (move backwards) reculer, se reculer, avoir un mouvement de recul;
    the child drew back in fear l'enfant a reculé de peur
    (b) (avoid commitment) se retirer
    (a) (pull back → person) faire reculer; (→ one's hand, thing) retirer;
    to draw back the curtains ouvrir les rideaux
    what drew you back to your home town? qu'est-ce qui t'a poussé à revenir dans ta ville natale?;
    I'm increasingly being drawn back to folk music je reviens de plus en plus à la musique folk
    (a) (lower → blinds) baisser, descendre
    (b) (provoke) attirer;
    their policy drew down a storm of protest leur politique a soulevé une vague de protestations
    draw in
    the train drew in le train est entré en gare;
    the bus drew in to the kerb (pulled over) le bus s'est rapproché du trottoir; (stopped) le bus s'est arrêté le long du trottoir
    (b) (day, evening) diminuer, raccourcir;
    the nights are drawing in les nuits raccourcissent ou diminuent
    (a) (pull in) rentrer;
    to draw in the reins tirer sur les rênes, serrer la bride;
    the cat drew in its claws le chat fit patte de velours ou rentra ses griffes
    (b) (involve) impliquer, mêler;
    he drew me into the conversation il m'a mêlé à la conversation;
    I got drawn into the project je me suis laissé impliquer dans le projet;
    he listened to the debate but refused to be drawn in il a écouté le débat mais a refusé d'y participer ou de s'y joindre
    (c) (attract) attirer;
    the film is drawing in huge crowds le film fait de grosses recettes
    (d) (sketch) ébaucher
    (e) (air) aspirer, respirer;
    to draw in a deep breath respirer profondément
    (a) British (remove → clothing) enlever, ôter; (→ gloves) retirer, ôter
    (b) (liquid) tirer;
    he drew off some wine from the cask il a tiré du vin du fût;
    to draw off blood faire une prise de sang
    draw on
    (a) (put on → gloves, trousers, socks) enfiler
    (b) (entice, encourage) encourager, entraîner;
    the thought of success drew him on la perspective de la réussite l'encourageait à continuer
    (a) (as source) faire appel à;
    the campaigners drew on the community's support les militants ont fait appel au soutien de la communauté locale;
    I drew on my own experiences for the novel je me suis inspiré ou servi de mes propres expériences pour mon roman;
    I had to draw on my savings j'ai dû prendre ou tirer sur mes économies
    (b) (suck) tirer sur;
    to draw on a pipe tirer sur une pipe
    (time → come near) approcher; (→ get late) avancer;
    as the day drew on au fur et à mesure que la journée avançait;
    the winter drew on l'hiver approchait
    (a) (remove) sortir, retirer, tirer; (money) retirer;
    she drew some papers out of her pocket elle a sorti des papiers de sa poche;
    how much money did you draw out (of the bank)? combien d'argent as-tu retiré (de la banque)?
    (b) (extend → sound, visit) prolonger; (→ meeting, speech) prolonger, faire traîner; Technology (→ metal) étirer; (→ wire) tréfiler
    she has a way of drawing people out elle sait faire parler les gens, elle sait faire sortir les gens de leur coquille
    (d) (information, secret) soutirer;
    to draw sth out of sb soutirer qch de qn;
    the police managed to draw the names out of him la police est arrivée à lui soutirer les noms
    (vehicle) sortir, s'éloigner;
    the train drew out (of the station) le train est sorti de la gare
    (people, objects) rassembler, réunir;
    the child's illness had drawn them together la maladie de l'enfant les avait rapprochés
    se rassembler
    draw up
    I drew the covers up around my neck j'ai ramené les couvertures autour de mon cou;
    to draw a boat up (on the beach) tirer un bateau à sec;
    she drew herself up (to her full height) elle s'est redressée (de toute sa hauteur)
    (b) British (move closer → chair) approcher; Military (troops) aligner, ranger;
    draw your chair up to the table approche ta chaise de la table
    (c) (formulate → deed, document, will) dresser, rédiger; (→ bill, list) dresser, établir; (→ plan) préparer, établir; (→ budget, itinerary) établir
    (a) (move) se diriger;
    the other boat drew up alongside us l'autre bateau est arrivé à notre hauteur ou à côté de nous
    (b) (stop → vehicle) s'arrêter, stopper; (→ person) s'arrêter
    they had to draw upon their emergency funds ils ont dû tirer sur ou prendre sur leur caisse de réserve;
    you have to draw upon your previous experience il faut faire appel à votre expérience antérieure

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > draw

  • 2 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 3 draw

    [drɔː] 1. гл.; прош. вр. drew, прич. прош. вр. drawn
    1)
    а) рисовать; чертить

    to draw a line — чертить линию, проводить черту

    He draws beautifully. — Он прекрасно рисует.

    Syn:
    б) ( draw from) копировать, срисовывать (с кого-л.)

    ''Did you draw Pamela from anybody?'' she asked suddenly. — "Прототипом Памелы послужил кто-нибудь из ваших знакомых?" - спросила она внезапно.

    2) представлять, изображать
    3) тащить, волочить; тянуть

    locomotive drawing a long train of wagons — локомотив, который тащит за собой длинную цепь вагонов

    Syn:
    4) перевозить, перемещать
    Syn:
    5) подходить, приближаться

    The first quarter of 2006 draws to a close. — Первый квартал 2006 года завершается.

    His days are drawing to a close. — Его дни сочтены.

    6) морщить; сжимать; искажать, деформировать

    Artificial teeth are apt to draw the mouth. — Искусственные зубы часто деформируют рот.

    7) морщиться; сжиматься; искажаться
    8) натягивать; растягивать, вытягивать; затягивать

    to draw bit / bridle / rein — натягивать поводья, вожжи

    The strands of rubber were drawn to test their strength. — Резиновые полоски растянули, чтобы проверить их прочность.

    The buckle of my belt was never disturbed, except to draw it tighter, when I was pinched with hunger. (A. M. Gilliam) — Пряжка моего ремня никогда не меняла своего положения, за исключением тех случаев, когда голод заставлял меня туже затягивать пояс.

    Syn:
    9) удлинять; продлевать

    The anguish of the last chapters is too long drawn. — Описание страданий в последних главах слишком затянуто.

    Syn:
    10) опускать или поднимать (занавес, вуаль)

    The sun had gone down, but the blinds had not been drawn. — Солнце зашло, но жалюзи не были опущены.

    11) мор. иметь осадку ( о судне)

    Steamers for the Zambesi should not draw over 18 inches. — Пароходы, плавающие по Замбези, должны иметь осадку не более 18 дюймов.

    12) заставить ( шар) отскочить рикошетом ( в бильярде)
    13) = draw in вдыхать, втягивать ( воздух)

    to draw breath брит. — перевести дух, отдышаться

    He drew quietly at / on his pipe. — Он спокойно курил трубку.

    Drawing in a deep breath, Isabel pushed open the door. — Сделав глубокий вдох, Изабелла толчком распахнула дверь.

    Syn:
    15) иметь тягу (о печи, трубе)

    The chimney draws well. — В трубе хорошая тяга.

    The fire does not draw well. — Огонь не разгорается.

    Soon the sails began to draw. — Вскоре паруса начали наполняться ветром.

    19) тех. всасывать, втягивать
    20) притягивать (с помощью физических сил, магнита)

    The rod draws the electricity from the air. — Стержень притягивает электричество из воздуха.

    21) привлекать, притягивать, собирать

    to draw smb.'s attention to smth. — привлечь внимание кого-л. к чему-л.

    Cover the food so it won't draw the flies. — Накрой еду, чтобы она не привлекла мух.

    The play still draws. — Пьеса всё ещё делает сборы.

    A great bereavement drew his mind from public affairs. — Тяжёлая утрата отвлекла его внимание от общественных дел.

    Lord Randolph Churchill is sure to "draw" enormously wherever he goes. — Лорд Рэндольф Черчилль, где бы он ни появился, всегда собирает толпы людей.

    Syn:
    22) влечь, приводить; навлекать; вызывать ( реакцию); провоцировать

    The performance drew loud applause from the audience. — Представление вызвало бурные аплодисменты зрительного зала.

    This act drew after it important consequences. — Это действие повлекло за собой серьёзные последствия.

    Syn:
    23) = draw out
    а) вытаскивать; выдергивать; вырывать
    Syn:
    б) карт. брать, вытаскивать карты ( из колоды)
    в) доставать, извлекать, выхватывать (меч и т. п.)

    draw one's pen against smb., draw one's quill against smb. — выступить в печати против (кого-л.)

    24) тянуть, бросать, вытягивать ( жребий)

    to draw straws — тянуть соломинки, тянуть жребий

    25) получать, вытягивать по жребию

    to draw the short strawвытащить короткую соломинку (жребий на неприятные обязанности, неприятную работу)

    I drew the short straw and had to clean the toilets. — Я вытянул короткую соломинку, и мне пришлось чистить туалеты.

    26) отделять, отбирать

    Members of Parliament are drawn from all classes of society. — В парламент избираются люди из самых разных слоев общества.

    The children chosen to perform in the city concert have been drawn from schools all over the city. — Для общегородского концерта детей отбирали из всех школ города.

    28) отделять от шелухи, очищать ( зерно)
    29) охот. выгонять, вытаскивать из норы ( лису или барсука)
    30) спорт. сводить вничью

    to draw water from a well — поднимать воду из колодца, качать воду

    32) выливать из сосуда; нацеживать

    to draw smb. a mug of ale — нацедить кому-л. кружку эля

    He drew some cognac from the cask into a tin cannikin. (R. L. Stevenson, Treasure Island) — Он налил немного коньяку из бочонка в жестяную кружку.

    33)
    а) извлекать, экстрагировать; настаивать (чай, травы)
    34) мед. вытягивать (гной)
    35) отводить ( воду) с помощью канала, канавы
    36) просачиваться, проходить ( о воде)
    Syn:
    37) снимать ( деньги со счёта); получать (пенсию, зарплату); выписывать ( чек)

    I drew $ 100 out of my account. — Я снял со своего счёта сто долларов.

    And when she turned 60 in September 2000 she became entitled to draw her pension. — И когда в сентябре 2000 года ей исполнилось шестьдесят лет, у неё появилось право получать пенсию.

    38) извлекать, вытягивать (сведения, информацию)
    39) карт. вытягивать, выманивать ( козыри)

    He draws all the trumps and wins all the tricks. — Он выманивает все козыри и берёт все взятки.

    40) разг. побуждать к действию; вызывать на разговор, откровенность; выводить из равновесия
    41) извлекать (вывод, заключение)

    She drew the wrong conclusion from the meeting. — Она сделала неправильные выводы из этой встречи.

    The moral to be drawn from this story is that honesty is best. — Мораль, которую следует извлечь из этой истории, заключается в том, что лучше всего быть честным.

    Syn:
    42) проводить (сравнение, аналогию)

    to draw an analogy / parallel — проводить аналогию, параллель

    to draw a distinction — проводить различие, различать

    43) потрошить, извлекать внутренности
    Syn:
    44) проходить с сетью или бреднем поперёк или вдоль реки
    45) охот. прочёсывать ( лес) в поисках дичи
    46) обращаться, черпать

    They drew amply upon their imagination when facts failed. — Когда не хватало фактов, они не стесняясь обращались к своему воображению.

    47) = draw up составлять (текст завещания, контракта, законопроекта)
    48) охот. идти по следу
    49) ист. волочить ( осуждённого на казнь) по земле, привязав к хвосту лошади
    ••

    to draw and quarter — четвертовать, сурово наказать

    to draw a bow at a ventureсделать или сказать что-л. наугад

    to draw smb.'s fire (upon oneself) — стать для кого-л. мишенью, подвергнуться чьим-л. насмешкам, нападкам критике

    to draw blood — "пустить кровь", заставить пострадать, задеть за живое

    to draw (the) first blood — "пустить первую кровь", нанести первый удар

    to draw in one's horns — присмиреть, умерить рвение

    to draw into one's shell — уйти в свою скорлупу, замкнуться в себе

    to draw smb. like a magnet — притягивать кого-л. как магнит

    to draw a red herring across the path — отвлекать внимание; намеренно вводить в заблуждение

    Draw it mild! разг. — Не преувеличивай!, Не перебарщивай!; Веди себя разумно!

    to draw the wool over smb.'s eyes — вводить кого-л. в заблуждение; втирать кому-л. очки

    - draw away
    - draw back
    - draw down
    - draw forth
    - draw in
    - draw near
    - draw off
    - draw on
    - draw out
    - draw over
    - draw round
    - draw up
    - draw to a head
    - draw a blank
    - draw a line
    - draw the line at smth.
    2. сущ.
    2) тяговое усилие; вытягивание, вытаскивание
    Syn:
    3) амер. выхватывание револьвера для выстрела

    to be quick / fast on the draw — уметь быстро вынимать револьвер из кобуры

    4) преим. амер. затяжка ( сигаретой), курение
    5) приманка, соблазн (то, что привлекает, нравится)

    Free dishes used to be a big draw at the movie theaters. — Многие ходили в кинотеатры ради бесплатных буфетов.

    Syn:
    6) вытягивание жребия, жеребьёвка; лотерея
    Syn:
    7) жребий; выигрыш
    8) спорт. турнирная таблица (для соперников, которые определяются жребием, как в теннисе)
    9) спорт. игра вничью, ничья

    The bake-off was a draw, so they awarded two first prizes. — Конкурс на лучший пирог не выявил победителя, поэтому было назначено две первых премии.

    Syn:
    10) стр. разводная часть моста
    11) амер. выдвижной ящик комода
    12) амер. естественная канава, траншея, лощина ( по которым протекает вода)
    13) разг. провокационное замечание, провокационный вопрос

    This was what in modern days is called a draw to elicit by the young man's answer whether he had been there lately or not. — Это был, как сегодня говорят, провокационный вопрос. По ответу молодого человека можно было догадаться, был он там недавно или нет.

    14) разг. человек, легко проговаривающийся, у которого легко что-л. выпытать

    Butt was a sure "draw" on this subject. — Бат оказался настоящим растяпой, выболтав всё об этом деле.

    15) бот. молодой побег

    Англо-русский современный словарь > draw

  • 4 Stevens, John

    [br]
    b. 1749 New York, New York, USA
    d. 6 March 1838 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer of steamboats and railways.
    [br]
    Stevens, a wealthy landowner with an estate at Hoboken on the Hudson River, had his attention drawn to the steamboat of John Fitch in 1786, and thenceforth devoted much of his time and fortune to developing steamboats and mechanical transport. He also had political influence and it was at his instance that Congress in 1790 passed an Act establishing the first patent laws in the USA. The following year Stevens was one of the first recipients of a US patent. This referred to multi-tubular boilers, of both watertube and firetube types, and antedated by many years the work of both Henry Booth and Marc Seguin on the latter.
    A steamboat built in 1798 by John Stevens, Nicholas J.Roosevelt and Stevens's brother-in-law, Robert R.Livingston, in association was unsuccessful, nor was Stevens satisfied with a boat built in 1802 in which a simple rotary steam-en-gine was mounted on the same shaft as a screw propeller. However, although others had experimented earlier with screw propellers, when John Stevens had the Little Juliana built in 1804 he produced the first practical screw steamboat. Steam at 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm2) pressure was supplied by a watertube boiler to a single-cylinder engine which drove two contra-rotating shafts, upon each of which was mounted a screw propeller. This little boat, less than 25 ft (7.6 m) long, was taken backwards and forwards across the Hudson River by two of Stevens's sons, one of whom, R.L. Stevens, was to help his father with many subsequent experiments. The boat, however, was ahead of its time, and steamships were to be driven by paddle wheels until the late 1830s.
    In 1807 John Stevens declined an invitation to join with Robert Fulton and Robert R.Living-ston in their development work, which culminated in successful operation of the PS Clermont that summer; in 1808, however, he launched his own paddle steamer, the Phoenix. But Fulton and Livingston had obtained an effective monopoly of steamer operation on the Hudson and, unable to reach agreement with them, Stevens sent Phoenix to Philadelphia to operate on the Delaware River. The intervening voyage over 150 miles (240 km) of open sea made Phoenix the first ocean-going steamer.
    From about 1810 John Stevens turned his attention to the possibilities of railways. He was at first considered a visionary, but in 1815, at his instance, the New Jersey Assembly created a company to build a railway between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. It was the first railway charter granted in the USA, although the line it authorized remained unbuilt. To demonstrate the feasibility of the steam locomotive, Stevens built an experimental locomotive in 1825, at the age of 76. With flangeless wheels, guide rollers and rack-and-pinion drive, it ran on a circular track at his Hoboken home; it was the first steam locomotive to be built in America.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1812, Documents Tending to Prove the Superior Advantages of Rail-ways and Steam-carriages over Canal Navigation.
    He took out patents relating to steam-engines in the USA in 1791, 1803, and 1810, and in England, through his son John Cox Stevens, in 1805.
    Further Reading
    H.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin (provides technical details of Stevens's boats).
    J.T.Flexner, 1978, Steamboats Come True, Boston: Little, Brown (describes his work in relation to that of other steamboat pioneers).
    J.R.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1927) 7: 114 (discusses tubular boilers).
    J.R.Day and B.G.Wilson, 1957, Unusual Railways, F.Muller (discusses Stevens's locomotive).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stevens, John

  • 5 gari

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari
    [Swahili Plural] magari
    [English Word] car
    [English Plural] cars
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Language] Hindi
    [Swahili Example] tulisafiri kwa gari kutoka Moshi mpaka Nairobi
    [English Example] we travelled by car from Moshi to Nairobi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari
    [Swahili Plural] magari
    [English Word] vehicle
    [English Plural] vehicles
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Language] Hindi
    [Related Words] kijigari
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la abiria
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya abiria
    [English Word] passenger vehicle
    [English Plural] passenger vehicles
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] abiria
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -endesha gari
    [English Word] drive a car
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] endesha
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -enda kwa gari
    [English Word] travel by car
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] enda
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari
    [Swahili Plural] magari
    [English Word] cart
    [English Plural] carts
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Language] Hindi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari
    [Swahili Plural] magari
    [English Word] wagon
    [English Plural] wagons
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Language] Hindi
    [Derived Word] Ind.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la farasi
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya farasi
    [English Word] horse-drawn wagon
    [English Plural] horse-drawn wagons
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] farasi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la moshi
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya moshi
    [English Word] train
    [English Plural] trains
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] moshi
    [Terminology] railway
    [Note] contemporary usage in Mombasa
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la moshi
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya moshi
    [English Word] locomotive
    [English Plural] locomotives
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] moshi
    [Terminology] railway
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la abiria
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya abiria
    [English Word] passenger car
    [English Plural] passenger car
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] abiria
    [Terminology] railway
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la mizigo
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya mizigo
    [English Word] freight car
    [English Plural] freight cars
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] mizigo
    [Terminology] railway
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chumba cha gari
    [Swahili Plural] vyumba vya gari
    [English Word] compartment (of a railroad carriage)
    [English Plural] compartments
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] chumba
    [Terminology] railway
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -enda kwa gari
    [English Word] travel by train
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] enda
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la mtoto
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya watoto
    [English Word] baby carriage
    [English Plural] baby carriages
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] mtoto
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la mtoto
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya watoto
    [English Word] perambulator
    [English Plural] perambulators
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] mtoto
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la maji
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya maji
    [English Word] watering machine
    [English Plural] watering machines
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Related Words] maji
    [Terminology] agriculture
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la kulimia
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya kulimia
    [English Word] tractor
    [English Plural] tractors
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Dialect] archaic
    [Related Words] lima
    [Terminology] agriculture
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] gari la miguu
    [Swahili Plural] magari ya miguu
    [English Word] bicycle
    [English Plural] bicycles
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Dialect] archaic
    [Related Words] mguu
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > gari

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